One of the largest and most important sets of portraits of early English kings and queens is on display at the National Portrait Gallery for the first time in 36 years, on view through 4 December 2011, The 16 portraits, from William I to Mary I, are usually on loan to Montacute House, Somerset, but have been brought to the National Portrait Gallery as part of the Making Art in Tudor Britain research project. The portraits and the results of the research feature in a display Picturing History: A Portrait Set of Early Kings and Queens from 19 July – 4 December 2011 before being returned to Montacute House.
Between March and May 2011 these paintings underwent technical analysis including dendrochronology (tree-ring dating), infra-red analysis, x-radiography, paint sampling and microscopy. Prior to the research it was thought that the set comprised of at least two groups of portraits: the first painted in the 1590s, and the second thought to have been painted in the 1620s. However, dendrochronology has revealed that the wood used for the panels of all 16 portraits was felled at around the same date, making it possible that all the portraits in the set were produced around the same time, possibly as early as the 1590s. Stylistically it is clear that not all 16 portraits were painted by the same artist but the analysis has revealed that there are distinctive groups within the set that were produced by the same hand or workshop. For example, the portraits of Kings Henry I, Stephen, Edward II and John (three of which have distinctive crooked eyes) are almost certainly painted by the same artist. A number of other links between different portraits in the set have also emerged, such as similarities in the way in which some of the designs have been transferred onto the panels and the fact that several are painted on wood from the same trees.
Portraits such as these were often rapidly and cheaply produced based on established patterns derived from woodcuts and engravings. The lack of surviving portraits taken from life for the early kings meant that the ‘likeness’ of many of these monarchs was not firmly established. The result is that while some monarchs, such as Henry VIII can be easily identified, others could be depicted differently from portrait to portrait. The same template might even be used for several different kings. The display will include a portrait of William the Conqueror on loan from a similar set in the collection of Dulwich Picture Gallery and will enable two competing versions of a true ‘likeness’ of William I to be seen together.
The portraits previously belonged to the collection of the Duke of Leeds and were purchased by the National Portrait Gallery in 1974, when they were last on display in the Gallery, before being loaned to Montacute House in 1975. Sets of portraits of monarchs were popular in the late sixteenth century. The bold colours and linear style suggest that they were intended to be seen from a distance, in domestic interiors, institutions and civic buildings. The portraits were decorative but also used to communicate allegiances, personal interests and beliefs at a time when there was an increased interest in the narrative of England’s past. Sets would vary in size from five to six to around thirty, and the National Portrait Gallery set is one of the largest to survive. When an artists’ workshop received a commission for a set such as this it is likely that several artists and craftsmen were put to work to produce the portraits, which would account for the variety of styles and painting methods identified. The findings of the technical analysis have provided important information in helping us to understand the practices of artists’ workshops during this period.
Dr Tarnya Cooper, 16th Century Curator says: ‘This lively and amusing group shows monarchs in richly gilded costumes wearing golden crowns, almost as if they were early cardboard cutouts. The features of some of the kings are entirely imaginary, while others are based on existing portraits. The whole set shown together is extremely striking, and in the late 1500s it would have provided an entertaining visual chronology of the English monarchy for audiences who were already used to seeing such characters on the stage in plays by Shakespeare and Marlowe.’
Picturing History: A Portrait Set of Early Kings and Queens will be on display from 19 July – 4 December 2011 in Room 1 of the Gallery, admission free.
Image: King William I, Reigned 1066-87. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.
For further information on Making Art in Tudor Britain please visit:
http://www.npg.org.uk/research/programmes/making-art-in-tudor-britain